teknologi dalam perniagaan

teknologi sebagai pemudah dan satu lagi teknologi sebagai produk akhir. Contohnya mikroprosesor merupakan salah satu produk akhir teknologi yang berjaya sejak berpuluh tahun yang lalu. Satu lagi teknologi yang sering diperkatakan ialah Internet di mana kecanggihannya cuba dibuktikan dalam beberapa perniagaan yang berteknologi seperti B2C (perniagaan-ke-pelanggan), dan gerbang (portal) Web.

"Kita tidak patut lebih tertumpu kepada teknologi, lalu mengabaikan model perniagaan yang patut menjadi pertimbangan utama. Misalnya, terdapat banyak perniagaan yang tidak menggunakan teknologi seperti pernigaaan restoren tetapi lebih menekankan kepada 'sentuhan personal'. Manakala, teknologi pengering beku menjadi pemudah dalam pengeluaran makanan seperti rendang atau serunding. Soalnya, adakah produk akhir yang dijual adalah teknologi itu sendiri atau dihasilkan menerusi penggunaan teknologi. Jadi, model perniagaan perlu mengenali perbezaan ini yang melibatkan pengeluaran khidmat atau produk akhir".

Menurut beliau lagi, teknologi sebagai pemudah bergantung kepada segmen yang dimasuki. Misalnya, bagi pengunjung restoren 'sentuhan personal' adalah lebih penting berbanding menjual secara dalam talian.

Namun, jika perniagaan melibatkan pemasaran atau pengeluaran secara besar-besaran dengan jualan yang cukup baik (seperti rendang atau serunding), maka teknologi banyak memainkan peranan. Terutamanya, pengeluaran besar-besaran perlu mengabungkan teknologi makanan yang berkaitan untuk memastikan kesegaran makanan tersebut. Selain itu, tempahan dalam talian dan penjualan menerusi Web boleh dibuat.

teknologi maklumat

SEJAUH MANAKAH KEBERKESANAN PENGUNAAN TEKNOLOGI  MAKLUMAT  DALAM  PENDIDIKAN   DI  MALAYSIA.

Penggunaan teknologi maklumat dalam bidang pendidikan di abad 21 bukanlah sesuatu yang baru. Malah boleh dikatakan hampir semua negara telah mengikuti perkembangan ini dan cuba merealisasikannya.Di Eropah, bidang teknologi maklumat dalam pendidikan telah diperkenalkan sejak awal tahun 60 an.Dalam konteks pendidikan, komputer dan teknologi maklumat dapat membantu dalam pelbagai urusan dan berpotensi mengayakan lagi persekitaran pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Di  Malaysia  penggunaan  teknologi  maklumat  dalam  pendidikan  masih  di  peringkat  permulaan namun  pengunaannya  semakin  pesat  dan  memberangsangkan.

        Saya  berpendapat  bahawa  kerajaan telah berperanan untuk  menjadikan  pendidikan  di  Malaysia  bertaraf  dunia melalui  Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, kementerian  ini  telah mengambil  langkah  drastik dengan  melaksanakan beberapa  perubahan  untuk  menjana  sistem  pendidikan agar selari  dengan  pemodenan  yang  banyak  dipelopori  oleh  penggunaan  teknologi  terkini  seperti  penggunaan teknologi  maklumat dalam pendidikan. Antara program yang  sedang  dilancarkan kementerian  pendidikan adalah pelaksanaan sekolah bestari.

        Sekolah Bestari yang cuba diwujudkan Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia melalui beberapa sekolah rintis bertujuan untuk mengubah budaya persekolahan yang berdasarkan memori kepada lebih berpengetahuan, berpemikiran kreatif dan kritis serta budaya penyayang dengan menggunakan teknologi terkini. Ini dapat membuka peluang yang luas kepada penggunaan teknologi maklumat yang   pasti akan memudahkan pelaksanaannya dalam bidang pendidikan.

.        Mulai Januari 1999 internet saluran  utama  teknologi  maklumat, menjadi sebahagian dari Sekolah Bestari. Pada awal tahun 2000 yang lalu, hampir semua ksekolah menengah telah diakses ke internet secara berperingkat. Kementerian Pendidikan dengan kerjasama dan bantuan kepakaran  MIMOS  telah melancarkan Projek Jaringan Pendidikan ( Sulaiman,1996 ). Melalui projek ini Kementerian Pendidikan telah menyediakan  perkhidmatan rangkaian kepada para pelajar dan pendidik di samping menyediakan program latihan yang berterusan kepada guru-guru. khususnya Bahagian Pendidikan Guru telah dan sedang menjalankan Kursus Dalam Perkhidmatan (14 minggu) kepada guru-guru bertempat dibeberapa buah maktab.Melalui kursus ini guru-guru didedahkan kepada pelbagai kemahiran generik termasuk bidang teknologi maklumat yang menjadi tapak utama sebagai sumber dan alat penyebaran maklumat yang cepat dan berkesan.

            Keberkesanan penggunaan  teknologi  maklumat  juga  bergantung  kepada keterbukaan warga  pendidik   menerima  teknologi  maklumat  dalam  elemen  pengajaran  dan  pembelajaran  yang  di rancangkan oleh  mereka.  Warga  pendidik contohnya  guru, yang  menjadi  nadi  dan  tulang  belakang  yang  menjana  keberkesanan  pendidikan  secara  keseluruhannya,  kita  dapati  semakin  ramai  di  kalangan  mereka  sudah  celik  teknologi  maklumat.    Jika  lima  tahun lalu, hampir tiada guru di Malaysia mengetahui apa itu Internet apa lagi menggunakan Internet. Kini bilangan guru yang mempunyai akses ke Internet sudah semakin  bertambah malahan  mereka telah  menganggap  teknologi  maklumat  merupakan  sesuatu yang  perlu  untuk  memudahkan  proses  P&P  mereka. Perkembangan  pesat  dalam  pengunaan  teknologi  maklumat    dalam  pendidikan   merupakan  satu  jalan  yang  cerah  untuk  menjayakan pendidikan  bertaraf  dunia.

kesedaran  ibubapa  akan  kepentingan   penggunaan  teknologi  maklumat    banyak  membantu anak-anak  mereka menggunakan  teknologi ini  dengan  lebih  efektif. walau bagaimana pun   setiap  keluarga  sekurang-kurangnya  memiliki sebuah komputer  di  rumah mereka kerana ,  Teknologi  maklumat  berkait  rapat  dengan  penggunaan komputer.  Menyedari  hakikat  ini    kerajaan telah  mengambil  langkah  bijak dengan mengalakkan  sesebuah keluarga   mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya sebuah komputer   masing-masing  di rumah

              Bagi menyempurnakan hasrat ini, kerajaan telah memudahkan kita dengan memberikan kelonggaran untuk mengeluarkan wang simpanan masing-masing melalui akaun Kumpulan Wang Simpanan Pekerja (KWSP), sebanyak RM3500.00 bagi pembelian komputer untuk ahli-ahli KWSP. Dari sini kita sedar, maklumat-maklumat yang bakal dapat dan guna dari penggunaan komputer itu sangat bergunaTeknologi komputer telah terbukti sebagai mesin elektronik yang anjal dan berkeupayaan tinggi. Kepantasan dan kecekapan komputer dalam melaksanakan tugas-tugas yang melibatkan pengiraan yang tepat serta menganalisis dan meramal keadaan cuaca, meletakkan kedudukan komputer sebagai media yang semakin diperlukan dalam kehidupan kita.

            Peranan sektor  swasta juga banyak  membantu  perkembangan  pengunaan  teknologi maklumat,  kerana    sememangnya  kita  tahu  penggunaan  teknologi  maklumat  memerlukan  kos, maka kekangan  kos  inilah  biasanya  membataskan  pengunaan  teknologi maklumat.  pada  masa kini ,  kadar  bayaran untuk  mengakses internet  semada  melalui  TM-Net  atau  Jaring  telah  menurun,  malahan  syarikat  besar  seperti  Telekom  berkerjasama  dengan  Kementerian  pendidikan  untuk  menghasilkan Telekom  Smart  School yang menyediakan  pekej  P&P  melalui  Laman  Web  yang  dinamakan  getCyberEd.com.   

            Sistem pendidikan sekolah di Malaysia hari ini dikatakan dapat menyediakan pelajar-pelajar yang serba boleh bagi menghadapi masa depan yang lebih mencabar. Dari masa ke semasa, kerajaan akan sentiasa mencari jalan supaya pendidikan di Malaysia dapat dipertingkatkan. Dalam keghairahan mengguna teknologi  maklumat dalam pendidikan, kita harus berwaspada terhadap bahaya dan kesan negatif akibat penggunaan yang tidak terkawal. Walau apapun pandangan kita, penggunaan teknologi  maklumat dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran sedikit sebanyak sudah pasti akan mengubah corak pendidikan masa depan dan tingkah laku kanak-kanak. Oleh itu, pengawalan dan pengawasan yang rapi harus diberikan apabila menggunakan teknologi canggih ini.

HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY

The Beginning: Math, Clocks, and Time.

3000 BC: Stonehenge is started, estimated completion is 2000 BC.  This was perhaps the first calendar.
1000 BC: Some claim the first abacus is developed by Babylonians.
Year 0: Around the time of Christ it is certain that people in Asia / China are using the abacus to solve mathematical problems
Early 1300 AD: First mechanical clocks are built in to town towers
1621: William Oughtred used Scottish mathematician John Napier's logarithms to develop the first slide rule.
1642: Blaise Pascal developed a machine with gears and cranks that was able to calculate the addition of numbers, perhaps this was the father of the first calculator
1656: First Pendulum clock created by Christiaan Huygens, a Dutch scientist
1675: First Spring clock is created by Christiaan Huygens, a Dutch scientist.
1752: Benjamin Franklin finds electricity in lightening while flying a kite in a storm.


The 1800's: Theory, lights, radios, and movies.
1822, Charles Babbage begins working on a mechanical device that was far superior to the Pascal machine, but lacking the resources to build such a device, construction is never completed.
1833, Charles Babbage stopped work on his mechanical calculator it to move on to another project that would calculate 'yes / no' analytical or conditional functions beyond simple addition.  This system was designed to use 'holes punched in paper' as a method of input, but the device was never built beyond the 'plans' to develop it.  These were the first plans developed for a logical calculating computer.
1831: Michael Faraday demonstrates that magnets passed through a coil of wires can create electricity.
1837 Samuel Morse invented the first workable telegraph,
1876: Alexander Gram Bell invents the first telephone on March 10, 1876. 
1876 - 1877: Thomas Alva Edison invents the first phonograph.
1879 Telephones begin to use numbers instead of names.
1879: Thomas Alva Edison's first public exhibition of "moving pictures"
1879: Thomas Alva Edison creates the first light bulb, and the world moves out of the dark ages on October 18, 1879..
1879: Thomas Alva Edison creates the first electric motor, and 110 volts becomes the future from which so many of our devices take for granted today.
1880 Long distance telephone service is developed.
1884: German, Paul Nipkow developed a rotating-disc technology to transmit pictures over wire in 1884 called the Nipkow disk. This was the very first electromechanical television scanning system.
1887: Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist begins experimenting with radio waves.
1889:  The company "Nintendo" is founded when Fusajiro Yamauchi who lived in Kyoto Japan established the company by creating playing cards.
1890, the US Government commissions work to begin on a new census machine to calculate the population of the United States.  The census bureau was the leading cause of the development of the "punch card" tabulator.  American inventor named Herman Hollerith developed the machine that was able to count (or tabulated) the punched cards which counted the population of the USA).  Hollerith finally sold his company to CTR, the company that went on to become IBM.
1891 Thomas Alva Edison invented and patented the first motion picture camera
1894: The first 'movie house' opens.  The Holland Brothers opened the first Kinetoscope Parlor at 1155 Broadway in New York City on April 14, 1894 using the Edison Kinetoscope and charging 25 cents to each patron.
1895:  Guglielmo Marconi sends and receives the first radio signals in Italy.  Marconi becomes the inventor of the modern day radio.


1900 - WW II : Airplanes, public radio, IBM, TV, and a computer.
1900 - 1910: Thomas Alva Edison creates the first battery.
1900: First "pay" phone is installed. (in Hartford Connecticut)
1903: Wright Brother complete first 'airplane' flight on December 17, 1903.
1903: First "movie", the first projection film with a plot is played when the 10 minute movie "The Great Train Robbery" is released.
1910:  3 companies merge to become C-T-R (Computing- Tabulating- Recording Company) the forefather of IBM.
1911: AT&T takes control of Western Union Telegraph Co.
1914:  Thomas J. Watson Sr. joins C-T-R as general manager.  In 1915 he produces a sign that simply says "Think" and this becomes a famous logo for (future) IBM, and Watson is elected as "President" of the company.
1917:  The Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company enters the Canadian market under the name of International Business Machines Co., Limited.
1920:  On October 27, 1920 KDKA in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania was granted the first public radio broadcast license.
1922:  First successful test of a television broadcast using a Naval Station to broadcast on October 3rd.
1924:  C-T-R outgrows its roots.  On February 14, C-T-R becomes IBM (International Business Machines Corporation.)
1927: First trans-Atlantic phone service using radio waves is successful.
1916: Enigma is created to encode messages at the end of WW I
1926: Robert S. Ledley invented the first scanner.  It was used to create x-ray scans for medical research.
1929:  The first regularly scheduled TV broadcast by W1XB in Sommerville MA.  3 nights per week.
1929:  First public demonstration of a color TV broadcast by Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York on June 27
1930: First quartz clock
1934: The US Federal Government creates the FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
1934: The term RADAR is coined, RAdio Detection And Ranging.
1935: First mechanical television is developed. (Not compatible with today's electronic TVs)
1938:  The first FM radio broadcast began on April 10, 1938 when W2XMN / WFMN / KE2XCC, Alpine, N. J. began broadcasting.  They came to full power by July 18, 1939
1939:  On August 2, 1939 Albert Einstein writes a letter to President FDR explaining the dangers of Germany developing Atomic Bomb capabilities.
1939:  First television debuts at Worlds Fair.
1940:  The first mobile phone technology becomes available with police and emergency radios.
1943: In January of 1943 the first electrical computer is introduced.  Howard Aiken and IBM developed the first fully automatic 'electro-mechanical' machine capable of not only addition, but other functions such as multiplication, and trig functions as well.  The machine was known as the "Harvard Mark I".  The machine that Charles Babagge had designed 300 years earlier becomes a working model.  Work on the project began in the late 1930's
1943: In December of 1943, the COLOSSUS computer went on-line to help the allied war effort decode the 'Enigma' encrypted messages.
1945:  July 15, 1945 - First successful test of an Atomic Bomb in New Mexico
1945:  August 6, 1945 - The first Atomic Bomb is exploded on Hiroshima Japan.


1946 - 1969: Transistors, microwave ovens, cable, VCRs, Star Trek, NASA and space.
1946:  On June 17, 1946 the first commercial mobile phone becomes available.
1947:  February. ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator And Computer) is unveiled.  This is widely considered to be the first working 'computer'.  It contains over 18,000 vacuum tubes.
1947:  The first transistor is created by Bell Labs.  This is much smaller, more efficient, and cost effective than vacuum tube technology.
1947:  AT&T begins work on cell phone technology, although the FCC delays the advancement of this technology when they refuse to allow the use of these frequencies.
1947:  The first "popular" TV shows are broadcast. Howdy Doody, and Meet the Press become the first known stars of TV.  Texaco Star Theater with Milton Berle debuts in 1948, and I Love Lucy makes her first appearance in 1951.
1947:  Using technology developed from radar that was developed during WW II, the first microwave oven goes on sale for $5000, it is 5 and a half feet tall, and weighs 750 lbs.  Sales are not good yet.
1949:  EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer).  This machine could do things no other could.  Through electrical states, the properties of mercury, and the ability to store 2 different states (1 or 0 which would signify either on or off) EDVAC achieved something no other device had to date achieved.  Memory.  It could not only calculate, but it could 'remember' and compute results based on various variables entered.  In August 1949, the first computer with a "Stored Program" went on-line.  Work on this computer actually began in 1945, 2 years before the ENIAC computer went operational.
Late 1940's: Cable TV is born. CATV (Community Antenna Television) is developed in the mountains of Pennsylvania.
1951: First video tape is recorded at Bing Crosby studios in California.
1951: The first commercial 'general purpose' computer, UNIVAC-1 goes on-line.  It is able to calculate with both numerical and alpha (or words) data.
1954: FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) language is developed.
1955:  The laying of transatlantic telephone cables begins.
1956:  First commercially available remote control for TV goes on sale in June of 1956.
1956:  A little known computer is developed.  The first "programmable" computer that relies entirely on transistors, and a magnetic core memory is developed at MIT Lincoln Laboratories called the TX-0.  Although never a commercial product, it is a computer development that is often overlooked in the history of computers.
1957:  The USSR launched its first space ship called Sputnik.  The United States responded by creating an agency known as ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency.)  ARPA quickly fell under the control of the DoD (Department of Defense) and evolved into DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) which would play a very large roll in the development of the Internet and the ability of computers to speak to one another.
1957: IBM debuts the first computer 'printer'.  A dot-matrix printer
1957:  DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) is founded in August in in Maynard, Massachusetts.  DEC goes on to be a primary driving force in the computer industry through the 60's, 70's and early 80's.
1958:  Jack St. Clair Kilby of Texas Instruments invented the first "integrated circuit" or "chip".  Although it was simply manufacturing individual transistors within a single 'chip' - it catapulted the computer industry into an almost modern era.
1958:  ANC (All Number Calling) standard is instituted for telephone numbers.
1958:  NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) is founded.
1959: COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language) is introduced.
Early 1960's: Color Television becomes available.  By the fall of 1964, NBC was broadcasting the majority of its programs in color.
1961: Alan B. Shepard Jr. became the first American to fly into space on May 5, 1961.
1962:  One September 12, 1962, President John F. Kennedy, in a speech at Rice University, announces that America should attempt to land a man on the moon and return him safely to Earth.  The "Space Race" begins.  "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth." ( It is said that JFK gave this speech to NASA employees on May 25 1961)
1962:  First communications satellite is launched, Telstar.  First Satellite TV broadcast from Telstar.
1962:  J.C.R. Licklider of MIT envisions a globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site. (much like the Internet of today). Licklider goes on to become the first head of the computer research program at DARPA in 1972.

Through the years 1963, 1964 Douglas Engelbart invents the first mouse, a pointing device for computers. There is little use for it at the time due to the lack of a GUI (Graphical User Interface), but the technology of this invention will drive the computer industry in the very near future.  In 1969 a public demonstration is given at the Augmentation Research Center, and in 1970 Engelbart is awarded a patent on his 2-wheel device, and in 1983 the mouse become popular with the Apple computer and its graphical interface.
In 1964  Thomas Kurtz and John Kemeny, (members of the Dartmouth mathematics department) developed a 'language' that computers could use to accept 'input' and produce 'output'.  BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) became the first known computer language.
mid-1960's Video telephones become practical and affordable (but don't seem to catch on)
1966: NBC airs the first episodes of the TV show "Star Trek" on September 8, 1966.  While the show is panned by critics, and only lasts a short 3 years until 1969, it quickly develops a cult following, and eventually becomes a multi-billion dollar industry.  The creator of Star Trek, Gene Roddenberry seemed to have a way of 'seeing' into the future, and presenting a sci-fi future that was not as bleak as those before him had presented.  Things such as small floppy disks, DNA recorders, computer voice recognition, and other advanced computer technology that only exist in the sci-fi world of Star Trek go on to become reality within the next 50 years.
1966:  Ralph Baer begins work on the first video game.
1967:  First commercial 110 volt counter-top microwave oven goes on sale for under $500.
1967:  First NASA casualties when Apollo I capsule catches fire before launch and takes the lives of astronauts Roger B. Chaffee, Virgil "Gus" Grissom, and Edward H. White Jr.
1968:  T.J Watson (owner) and IBM develop and patent the first memory module called DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) which will become the foundation for short term memory storage used by computers.
1968:  The FCC tells AT&T they can continue work on cell phone technology if they adhere to specific frequency guidelines.
In 1969 the US Government, DoD (Department of Defense to be specific) developed ARPANET.  They use this technology to allow various computers within different sections of the military and government that work on different systems to share information with one another.  This is the first network.  By the end of 1969, four host computers were connected together into the initial ARPANET.  These computers were located at 4 colleges: UCLA, Stanford, University of California, and University of Utah.  Within 2 years, there  were 23 nodes of this network including MIT, NASA, and Harvard.  The beginning of the Internet was seen by 1971.  By 1972, ARPA is renamed DARPA.
1969:  Man first walks on the moon when astronaut Neil Armstrong sets foot on the lunar surface on July 20, 1969


1970 - 1980: UNIX, RAM, microprocessors, e-mail, and video games, cell phones, Apple, Microsoft, and the first home computer.
By 1970 Xerox had created it's own developmental lab of computer science.  While much of the work developed at PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) failed to capitalize on private patents and income from the private sector, this facility developed a great deal of the governmental technology that found its way into the public sector by the late 1980's.  Also in
1970:  Bell Labs develops the UNIX operating system which went on to become the primary OS for most high end computing machines and servers for decades to come.  UNIX was also the father of Linux which is now the only competition to Apple or Microsoft in the operating system arena.
1970:  Apollo 13 survives catastrophic damage to their spaceship, when the astronauts return to Earth safely.
1970: Intel introduces the first RAM chip. (Random Access Memory)
1970:  In a Kroger's supermarket just outside Cincinnati in early 1970 was the first use of a computer scanner.  Used to calculate inventory and price totals, this little invention led to a great industry in the computer market.
1971:  A company named Intel produced the first 'micro-processor' which held its own arithmetic logic unit.   In April of 1972 Intel releases the 8008 chip.  An 8-bit processor that becomes the foundation for future personal computers.  At this time Federico Faggin begins working on the next step in microprocessors which will allow 16-bit processing, but due to other bottlenecks in the computer industry, the release of the 8086 remains years away.
1971:  Sony sells the first VCR for $2500.
1971:  The first digital watch is produced by Pulsar.
1971: IBM achieves the first voice or speech recognition software for computers.  Although this technology is now over 30 years old, many still consider this facet of computer technology to be in its beginning stages.
In 1972 the first e-mail program is developed Ray Tomlinson of BBN.  Although networking and the Internet exist only between select educational institutes and the US Government, the value of communication via the computer is clearly seen by several people.
1972: Nolan Bushnell starts his own company, which goes on to become Atari - the first video game "Pong" is released later in 1972.  The age of the interactive video game is born.  Atari was born on June 27, 1972.
1972: The "C" programming language is developed.  C goes on to become one of the primary languages used to develop software and operating systems.
1973:  IBM released the 8" floppy drive, and the first permanent storage with its first "Hard Drive"
1973:  DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) developed the TCP/IP protocol suite which was to become the backbone of the language used to communicate on what we today call the "WWW" or World Wide Web.
1973:  Computer graphics are used for the first time in the Motion Picture Industry when the movie "Westworld" is produced.
1974:  Intel releases the 8080 processor, the 8-bit successor to the original 8008.  Gary Kildall and John Torode (whose work primarily revolved around getting devices such as floppy disk drives to communicate with a computer processor) begin work on the CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers) disk operating system for microcomputers to computer manufacturers.
1975:  By January of 1975 a company called Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) developed and sold the first 'home computer' called The Altair 8800. It retailed for $397, and the construct of it was a series of switches on the front of the box which controlled the 'on / off' state of a particular set of chips.  It used the new Intel 8080 processor (which retailed for $360 - which was Intel's way of making fun of the million dollar IBM 360 mainframe)  It is rumored that MITS was able to purchase blemished chips for only $75, and this allowed him to make his profit.  Unusable to any but the true 'computer nerd' that understood the computer language called programming, it was still the very first computer available to the general public.  A side note:  The "Altair" got its name when owner of the company Ed Roberts asks his daughter for a good "high-technology" sounding name.  His daughter, who was a Star Trek fan, remembered the name of a star in the Star Trek TV show, and replied with the Altair name.
1975:  Gary Kildall, who was working for Intel as a consultant finished development of the first CP/M operating system, version 1.0.
1975:  Two young men approach Ed Roberts (owner of MITS) with the idea of merging the 'BASIC' language to the Altair computer to create a working computer that understood a computer language.  Bill Gates and Paul Allen, later went on to establish Micro Soft. (In the beginning it was spelled as two separate words)  By March of 1975 MITS had hired Paul Allen director of "Software".  Gates and Allen developed their version of BASIC to run on the Altair system from a public domain copy of BASIC that had been created in 1964.
1975:  Although Bill Gates and Paul Allen had been the founders of a company called "Traf-a-Data", by 1975 the were working on expanding it into a new business venture.  By April, Gates and Allen had developed "Micro-Soft", (now with the hyphen) and MITS was marketing the first generally available Altair 8800 personal home computer with the BASIC language that Gates and Allen had provided.
1975:  In June of 1975 Bob Metcalfe, David Boggs, Butler Lampson, and Charles Thacker of Xerox PARC file for a US patent of "Ethernet Technology".  Someone from Xerox finally "gets it" and realizes that computer technology is where the future is headed.
1975:   By the end of 1975, Bill Gates has penned his first written complaints regarding 'software piracy' and it is printed in an Altair newsletter.  (forgive me if I find this slightly amusing, and VERY ironic)
1975:  HBO begins broadcasting.
1975:  The "Homebrew Computer Club" is started in what will one day become Silcon Valley in California. 

Side note:  Ed Roberts of MITS and Bill Gates of Microsoft eventually ended up in court legal battle over who actually owned the rights to the version of BASIC that was being used on the Altair 8800 and the 8080 processor.  Eventually Gates won the lawsuit, but I guess it prepared him for life so to speak.
Also: From 1975 through 1981 there was an understanding between Gary Kidall of Digital Research Inc. (DRI) and the team of Gates and Allen at Microsoft.  It was generally accepted that Microsoft would provide the programming languages to the computer industry, and DRI would provide the the Operating Systems (such as DR DOS).  This understanding came to an end in 1981, when Microsoft agreed to develop an operating system for IBM.
One last note: much of the "programming" that needed to be done for these new 'microcomputers', minicomputers, and personal computers was done on a computer mainframe known as a DEC.  A DEC could compile the program, and even simulate (or emulate) how the processor (such as an 8080 or 8088) would handle the instructions it was given.  Since only major institutions and businesses could afford a DEC computer, often it was the young 'kids' who worked for the company, or even agreed to do some work for the company in exchange for being allowed to use the DEC to work out their new programs, languages, and operating systems.  This was often know as "Time Share" in the new computer industry.

In early 1976 Bill Gates writes a BASIC language routine that allows users to "save" programs to a removable disk.
1976:  DoD begins to experiment with TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) and packet switching.  Coaxial and Ethernet are developed which speeds up the transmission of data from one computer to another greatly. 
1976:  The Queen of England becomes the first "Head of State" to write an email message.
1976:   On April 1, 1976 (April Fool's Day) Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniack incorporate the Apple computer company.
1976:  By November of 1976 the tradename "Microsoft" is registered, and in December Bill Gates drops out of Harvard.
1976:  First Beta Max VCR is sold.
1976:  First "VHS" format for VCR is introduced.  Allows twice the time as the Beta Max.
1976: NASA names its shuttle "Enterprise" after the 'Star Trek' space ship.
1976: The 5.25" floppy disk makes its debut.
1976:  The first "Super Computer" called the Cray-1 is released commercially.
1977: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak exhibiting the first Apple II, quickly took thousands of orders for a $1300 computer that could be used by people without a computer background.  Also in 1977 Tandy Radio Shack released its version of a personal home computer called the TRS-80.
1977: AT&T completes it prototype of cell phone technology.
1977: The movie "Star Wars" is released, revealing special effects, and film technology never before seen by the general public.  The sequels are released in 1980, and 1983 that complete the trilogy.  These movies are the first to show that computer generated graphics and the motion picture industry are in for a long and happy marriage.
By 1978 Gary Kidall has developed CP/M into a portable operating system that can work on computers that do not adhere to "IBM standards", and the OS can address BIOS, CCP (Command Control Processor) and BDOS (Basic Disk Operating System).  By now one of the first useable applications for a "PC" and this OS is developed in dBase II, a second generation Database application.
1978:  Intel had developed the first 16-bit processor, the 8086; however, due to incompatibilities the 8088 (an 8-bit version) is what is under marketing development until the hardware industry can catch up with the processing technology.
1978:  Nintendo releases its first video game, Computer Othello.
1978:  Word Star 1.0 is released as one of the first Word Processors.  (for CP/M)  An MS-DOS version appears in 1982.
In 1979 the program "VisaCalc" is released as a spreadsheet for the Apple computers.  This drives the the Apple computer beyond the 1 million mark in sales.  VisaCalc (or Visible Calculator) was created by: Dan Bricklin with some help of his friend Dan Fylstra.  The software program alone is responsible for more computer sales than can be guessed at.  For the first time, software drives the computer industry, and the term "Killer App" is coined.
1979: First working cell phones appear in Tokyo Japan.
1979:  Intel releases the 8088 8-bit processor to the public in June of 1979
1979  The first emoticon is used  -) in a message board, meaning tongue in cheek. 
1979:  The Commodore PET home computer goes to market.
1979:  The video game "Asteroids" is created.
1979:  USEnet goes online as the first news server developed by 3 college students in North Carolina.
1980's: Fiber optic system used to transmit computer data is developed.
1980: Cordless phone technology becomes available.
1980: Sony introduces the 3.5" floppy disk.
1980: Atari creates the video game Missile Command.
1980:  The Iomega Corporation was founded and went on to invent the zip drive.  In the beginning it was a 100 Meg. alternative to removable optical drives, but now Iomega has 250 Mb. and even 750 Mb versions.


1981 - 1989: DOS, Windows, the PC, DNS, the Internet, and the first Home PC.
By 1981, Adam Osborne had developed the first "portable" computer.  Using C/PM, as an operating system WordStar as a word processor, SuperCalc as a  spreadsheet and MBASIC and CBASIC for programming your own programs.  The Osborne I could connect to a printer, and was small enough to fit under the seat of an airplane.  The company was growing at an astounding rate, then the mistake that came to plague so many computer and Internet companies made its debut.  Osborne announced a new version, the Osborne II before it was ready, and the fallout of the failure to deliver a computer product on time led to the untimely demise of the Osborne portable computer.  Eventually the Osborne company was purchased by Compaq, and Adam Osborne faded into history.
1981:  Compaq was developing its first computer, and the company called Microsoft was under construction.  Another note: IBM was gearing up to sell its first 'home computer' (then known as a micro-computer) called "The Acorn", all it needed was an operating system.

The Story of DOS and IBM

There are many stories as to the next famous (or infamous) step in history.  It is generally believed that in 1981, IBM visited the home of Gary Kidall in hopes of purchasing CP/M from him to become the standard operating system for this new "microcomputer" which will use the new 8088 processing chip from Intel.  The story unfolds as such: Kidall is not at home that day, and his wife and business partners refuse to sign anything that IBM presents in the way of a contract, or agreement in the development of this project.  IBM, being bigger than any "one individual" flies to Seattle Washington, and they approach another young team in Bill Gates and Paul Allen, who quickly agree to produce a workable operating system for the IBM personal computer.
From here the story gets a little cloudy.  Those who support the Gates and Allen team would say that Bill had told IBM to go to Gary Kidall first, and that Kidall was not available, or was difficult when asked to sign a contract.  Microsoft says they then purchased QDOS from Tim Patterson and Seattle Computer Products for $50,000.   From there they de-compiled it, de-bugged it, and re-wrote it to their own code for the IBM machines, and delivered it to IBM. 
The Kidall camp would say that Gates and Allen had obtained the CP/M system, and without consent simply changed a few lines of code, and slapped the name "DOS" on it before handing it over to IBM.  At this point it should be noted that there are a great many references to the OS being called QDOS (which stood for Quick and Dirty Operating System) When asked, Kidall once responded "ask Bill why the string in function 9 is terminated with a dollar sign.  Ask him, because he can't answer, only I know that". 
From this point it is generally accepted that Microsoft agreed to provide IBM with all the copies of DOS it wanted, only asking to maintain ownership of the operating system themselves, and be allowed to sell this new operating system to other computer manufacturers.  In a rare case of short-sightedness, IBM agreed, believing that the only real future in microcomputers was the hardware alone, not an operating system, and that the only true computer company in the world that could gather any kind of market share was IBM.  "oops"
At this point in time, it is quite obvious that there are a GREAT number of similarities between Kidall's CP/M and Gates's DOS.  From the ubiquitous A> (A prompt) to the "DIR" command which lists the files on a disk.  It's not the last time that Microsoft is accused of 'stealing' from a competitor.  The future will hold a great deal of time open in the courts for companies like Apple (who claims that Microsoft stole its GUI, Graphical User Interface, a/k/a Windows) and Netscape who claimed that Microsoft strong-armed their way into the browser market by making Internet Explorer a part of newer Windows systems.  Eventually even the US Government takes a shot at dismantling the 'monopoly-like' company of Microsoft.

1981  Xerox develops the first GUI known as 8010 Star, but never releases it to the public. It is the first computer to use "WIMP" (Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointing)
1981:  NASA launches first Space Shuttle.
1981:  The Pacman and Donkey Kong video games are written, and go on to become huge hits..
1981:  Sega purchases the rights to Atari's "Missile Command"
1982: The FCC approves cell phone production in the US.  Technology that was available in 1947 now becomes available to the general public.
1983:  By 1983 computers are using the TCP/IP language to communicate within the Internet network, and NCP (Network Control Protocols) become obsolete, and the 'backbone' for the Internet is finally set in place, and referred to as ARPANET. (Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork).
1983:  Microsoft announces the sale of "Windows", which goes on sale for $100.  Version 2.0 of MS DOS is also released, which supports up to 10 Meg. hard drives.
1983:  IBM releases the IBM XT which sports a new 8086 16-bit processor and the ability to add the 8087 math co-processor.
1983:  Lotus 1-2-3 enters the software arena, and quickly overtakes VisaCalc as the spreadsheet of choice.
1984:  Apple releases its version of a Graphical User Interface (GUI)  (based on the work that Xerox had done on the 'Star' GUI system, and Steve Jobs had been able to see this work when he agreed to sell Xerox $1 Million dollars worth of stock to Xerox back in 1981),   During the Superbowl that year, Apple displayed an add that changed the world of the "computer wars".  The add, promoting the new "Macintosh" computer displayed many black and gray clone like people, dressed like IBM employees, going through life in a bored mindless way, and finishing up the commercial in vivid color of their new "Mac", and saying it was for "The rest of us".  Until then, IBM had managed to strong arm its way into almost completed domination since their 1981 entrance into the personal computer market.  Apple in one swift move, now shifted the focus of the market, and showed that there would be choices in the computer industry.
1984:  In 1984 there is a need to develop a way to name these computers on the ARPANET, and DNS (Domain Naming System) is born, developed a year earlier by the University of Wisconsin, this standard allows for the translation from a name like microsoft.com to a numerical address like 195.56.85.32 (example only).
1984: DSS (Direct TV) Satellite TV goes on-line.
1984: MS-DOS 3.0, and then 3.1 hits the market.  Version 3.1 of MS-DOS introduced support for networks.
1984: The movie "Terminator" is released, revealing advanced computer generated graphics as a main staple in its special effects.
1984: IBM and Compaq introduce the IDE interface concept to improved and standardize data transfer in computers.
1984: Mark E. Dean and Dennis L. Moeller developed technology that allowed the IBM and other compatible computers to interface with other devices (peripheral devices) such as scanners, tablets, etc.
1985 - 1988 the T1 backbone of the Internet is developed, which allows the speed limit of data flow to jump from 56 kbs to 1.544Mbps (like going from 56 miles an hour to 1.5 thousand miles an hour)
1985:  The first Windows 'upgrade' (1.0) is released in by Microsoft.  
1986: NASA space shuttle Challenger is destroyed, killing all 7 astronauts when there is a leak in the fuel tanks during take-off.  January 28, 1986
1986:  Nintendo releases its first video game console for the home, NES (Nintendo Entertainment System).  It debuts with the Super Mario Brothers game.  Zelda soon follows and revolutionizes the game industry.
1986:  The first PC virus is released when "Brain" is spread throughout the computer world.  This is the first known 'Personal Computer' virus, and was written in Pakistan.  It was also the first 'stealth' virus, in that it tried to hide from detection.  The virus would infect a floppy disk, but not a hard drive.
1987:  IBM releases the IBM PS/2 computer in April.
1987:  IBM and Microsoft release a new operating system called OS/2
1988: The first "Internet Worm" is released by Robert Morris Jr.  This affects about 6,000 of the 60,000 hosts on the Internet, and DARPA creates CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team) to respond to threats to the Internet.
1988: MS-DOS 4.0 goes on sale, and 4.01 is quickly released to 'patch' the bugs.
1988:  EISA computer bus standard introduced.
1988:  The first "Anti-Virus" program is written to remove and protect against the 'Brain' virus.
1989:  The "WWW" is invented by Tim Berners-Lee, text only version, but allows hyper-links.
1989:  The first CD-ROM is developed by Phillips and Sony, CD-I
1989:  The video game industry explodes as Nintendo releases Super NES (a 16-bit system) and the hand held "Game Boy".  Sega releases its own 16-bit system called Genesis.

1990 - Today: Windows 9x, DVD, dial-up, WWW, and the future.
By 1990 the first commercially available company comes on-line.  The World (world.std.com) is the first company to offer "dial-up" access to the Internet, and ARPANET is discontinued.
1990: Hubble Space Telescope is launched into space.
By 1991 the World-Wide Web (WWW) released by CERN; Tim Berners-Lee developer is seen as the father of the "WWW".  Linus Torvalds develops an open operating system called Linux, and provides the code free of charge in hopes that computer users world wide will use it to develop an advanced operating system based on UNIX.
1991:  Microsoft releases DOS 5.0, which includes the BASIC programming language, and a text editor.
1991:  The release of the movie "Terminator II" pushes the technology of special effects beyond its current boundaries, and opens doors for future computer generated animation.
1991:  ISA standards are introduced.
1991:  Nintendo debuts SNES, and Sega launches Sonic in the video game world.
1991:  First polymorphic virus is developed.  (Tequila ) This virus could change its code as it spread, making it harder to detect and remove.
1992:  Microsoft releases Windows 3.1 in April. 1 Million copies sell in the first 2 months.
1992:  The first CD-ROM available for retail is released.  CD-1 is introduced by Sony.
In 1993 the first graphical program able to view data on the "web" is released through a program called Mosaic, after the development of a protocol stack called winsock which allows applications to be developed in a graphical interface such as Apple Mac OS and Microsoft Windows.
1993: microsoft.com goes on-line.
1993: Microsoft releases DOS 6.0, and through 1994 upgrades it to DOS 6.22.  This version allows the user to "defragment", and includes utilities like scandisk, memmaker, doublespace, and an anti-virus program.  DOS 6.22 becomes known as the last stand alone command line OS when version 7.0 is released as a part of Windows 95 in 1995.
1993:  Intel introduces the "Pentium" processing chip in March.
1993:  Compaq, Digital Equipment Corp. (DEC), Microsoft, and NEC conceived of the USB port in 1993 in a group session to replace the mix of I/O (Input / Output) ports with a universal high-speed data transfer port.  Standards were approved by the group in 1996, but the first implementation of USB did not occur until 1998.
By 1994, Pizza Hut is one of the first companies that allows users to "order on-line", and have pizza delivered to your home via the 'web'.  Mosaic becomes Netscape.
1994: Steven Spielberg opens the first new movie studio in over 30 years when he launches DreamWorks.  DreamWorks goes on to create some of the newest and most advanced motion picture special effects ever produced.
1994:  Netscape 1 is written as an alternative to the Mosaic browser.
By 1995, the National Science Foundation (NSF) is no longer allowing direct access to the original ARPA backbone (although ARPA had been is-banned years earlier as companies like InterNIC, Network Solutions, and the NSF took over management of the existing network / Internet).  The first MS Word "macro virus" is discovered.
1995:  Windows 95 is released in August.  Over 1 million copies are sold within 4 days.
1995:  Netscape announces the development of javascript.
1995:  The first macro virus is detected.  By 1996, the MS Word macro virus known as "Concept" becomes the most widely spread computer virus to date.
1996:  Video game founder Atari folds, Nintendo announces the Nintendo 64 (a 64-bit game system), and Sony drops the price of its Playstation to $199
1997:  Intel releases the Pentium MMX as the next generation processor in January.
1997:  First DVD becomes available.
1997:  By May, Intel releases the Pentium II chip.
1997:  With Apple in deep financial trouble, and Microsoft in court litigation with Apple over copyright laws, Microsoft agrees to purchase 100,000 'non-voting' shares of Apple stock on August 6, 1997 for approximately $150 Million.  This keeps Apple out of bankruptcy, and gets Microsoft out of a monopoly lawsuit.
June 1998, the release of Windows 98 prompts Netscape to release their browser for free in order to compete with MS IE 3.0.  Later in 1998 AOL (America On Line) announces the merger between AOL and Netscape.
1998: The virus Melissa becomes infamous when it is able to be spread via e-mail and Outlook Express.
1999: Microsoft releases Windows 98 SE in May of 1999
1999: The release of the movie "The Matrix" once again steps up the computer generated graphics technology field.
2000: Windows 2000 is released, on February 17, but when Windows 2000 fails to support legacy applications due to its NT foundation, Windows ME is quickly developed under the 9.x technology.
2000: Windows ME is released in July 2000
2000:  The "I Love You" virus wreaks havoc world-wide.
2000:  By mid-2000 USB 2.0 became available.
2001: Microsoft releases Windows XP on October 25, 2001.
2001:  A new generation of video games are released when Microsoft enters the market with X-Box, Sony releases a long awaited Playstation II, and Nintendo releases the Game Cube.
2002: October 3, a large number of Internet DNS relay stations go down due to technical problems.
2002: October 22, Large attack on the Internet with DDoS (denial of service) takes down large number of Internet servers and routers.
2003: January 24: SQL slammer worm disabled many ATM machines, air traffic control computers, and cripples the Internet greatly. Effects lasted less than half a day. While this was most likely not an 'attack', but rather a test, it did show MANY vulnerabilities that many of the main Internet components had.
2003: Space Shuttle Columbia is destroyed by explosion upon reentry to Earth Atmosphere killing all aboard on February 1, 2003
2003:  Microsoft releases Windows Server 2003 as its newest line of operating systems.  

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PTPTN Tidak Bercadang Bangkrap Peminjam

TEMERLOH – Perbadanan Tabung Pendidikan Tinggi Nasional (PTPTN) tidak berhasrat mengenakan tindakan bangkrap terhadap peminjam yang gagal membayar balik pinjaman.
Pengerusinya, Datuk Ismail Mohamed Said berkata, tindakan itu tidak perlu kerana kaedah sedia ada yang digunakan PTPTN untuk memperoleh semula wang pinjaman kian menunjukkan perkembangan positif.
“Kami tidak merancang menjadikan tindakan tersebut sebagai langkah terakhir memungut kembali pinjaman.
“Langkah terakhir ialah menyenarai hitam nama peminjam dengan Jabatan Imigresen yang menyebabkan mereka tidak boleh ke luar negara,” katanya.
Beliau berkata demikian pada majlis Perasmian Mini Karnival Dewan Undangan Negeri Jenderak di sini hari ini.
Ismail seterusnya berkata, tindakan menyenarai hitam nama peminjam dengan Jabatan Imigresen dianggap berkesan apabila ramai peminjam datang berunding dan menyelesaikan hutang mereka.
Malah, katanya, tindakan bangkrap sukar dilakukan kerana kebanyakan pinjaman tidak mencapai jumlah RM30,000 seperti yang tertakluk mengikut Akta Kebangkrapan.  ( jd cmne dgn kite?? fikir2 kn lah...)

computer virus

What is a computer virus?

A computer virus is a small software program that spreads from one computer to another computer and that interferes with computer operation. A computer virus may corrupt or delete data on a computer, use an e-mail program to spread the virus to other computers, or even delete everything on the hard disk.

Computer viruses are most easily spread by attachments in e-mail messages or by instant messaging messages. Therefore, you must never open an e-mail attachment unless you know who sent the message or unless you are expecting the e-mail attachment. Computer viruses can be disguised as attachments of funny images, greeting cards, or audio and video files. Computer viruses also spread by using downloads on the Internet. Computer viruses can be hidden in pirated software or in other files or programs that you may download.

Symptoms that may be the result of ordinary Windows functions

A computer virus infection may cause the following problems:
Note: These problems may also occur because of ordinary Windows functions or problems in Windows that are not caused by a computer virus.

• Windows does not start even though you have not made any system changes or even though you have not installed or removed any programs.
• Windows does not start because certain important system files are missing. Additionally, you receive an error message that lists the missing files.
• The computer sometimes starts as expected. However, at other times, the computer stops responding before the desktop icons and the taskbar appear.
• The computer runs very slowly. Additionally, the computer takes longer than expected to start.
• You receive out-of-memory error messages even though the computer has sufficient RAM.
• New programs are installed incorrectly.
• Windows spontaneously restarts unexpectedly.
• Programs that used to run stop responding frequently. Even if you remove and reinstall the programs, the issue continues to occur.
• A disk utility such as Scandisk reports multiple serious disk errors.
• A partition disappears.
• The computer always stops responding when you try to use Microsoft Office products.
• You cannot start Windows Task Manager.
• Antivirus software indicates that a computer virus is present.

Symptoms of a computer virus

If you suspect or confirm that your computer is infected with a computer virus, obtain the current antivirus software. The following are some primary indicators that a computer may be infected: 

• The computer runs slower than usual.
• The computer stops responding, or it locks up frequently.
• The computer crashes, and then it restarts every few minutes.
• The computer restarts on its own. Additionally, the computer does not run as usual.
• Applications on the computer do not work correctly.
• Disks or disk drives are inaccessible.
• You cannot print items correctly.
• You see unusual error messages.
• You see distorted menus and dialog boxes.
• There is a double extension on an attachment that you recently opened, such as a .jpg, .vbs, .gif, or .exe. extension.
• An antivirus program is disabled for no reason. Additionally, the antivirus program cannot be restarted.
• An antivirus program cannot be installed on the computer, or the antivirus program will not run.
• New icons appear on the desktop that you did not put there, or the icons are not associated with any recently installed programs.
• Strange sounds or music plays from the speakers unexpectedly.
• A program disappears from the computer even though you did not intentionally remove the program.

Note These are common signs of infection. However, these signs may also be caused by hardware or software problems that have nothing to do with a computer virus. Unless you run the Microsoft Malicious Software Removal Tool, and then you install industry-standard, up-to-date antivirus software on your computer, you cannot be certain whether a computer is infected with a computer virus or not.

mengetahui makna logo sistem operasi

Tiap sistem operasi memiliki logo yang menandakan ciri khas dari masing-masing produk. Tidak hanya sekedar sebagai tampilan dari sebuah sistem operasi saja, logo-logo tersebut juga memiliki arti tersendiri serta sejarah dalam proses pembuatan namanya. Agar orang mengingat produk yang dimaksud maka dibuatkan logo yang menggambarkan dari masing-masing karakteristik. Namun tahukan Anda maksud dan tujuan digunakannya logo-logo tersebut? Berikut kami sertakan penjelasannya.

1. Microsoft Windows
Logo jendela mulai diperkenalkan sejak rilis Windows 3.1 diawal tahun 90-an. Dengan tampilan berbentuk kotak yang memiliki batas hitam bertahan hingga tahun 2001. Metamorfosa terjadi pada saat XP dirilis, desain jendela dibuat melambai layaknya bendera berkibar. Selanjutnya untuk Vista dan 7 dibuat lebih elegan dengan logo jendela yang lebih bersinar. Jendela sebagai logo digambarkan sebagai kumpulan aplikasi yang disusun dalam tiap jendela. Hal ini untuk memudahkan menjalankan aplikasi yang dipisahkan berdasarkan fungsi dan kegunaannya. Sedangkan desain 4 warna dasar yaitu merah, hijau, biru dan kuning merupakan warna dasar yang dipilih karena dianggap sebagai warna yang memiliki kontras yang baik bagi mata.

2. Linux
Maskot Linux berupa binatang pinguin ternyata menjadi pilihan karena Linus Torvalds sang pencipta Linux pernah digigitnya saat berada di kebun binatang. Entah mengapa hal itu malah membuatnya makin terobsesi pada binatang ini. Awal berdirinya, diadakan kontes untuk membuat logo Linux. Dan meski tidak menang kontes tersebut, Linus malah tertarik dengan maskot bikinan salah seorang peserta yang bergambar pinguin dan menyuruh para desainer untuk merancang ulang dan membuatnya sebagai logo resmi Linux di tahun 1996. Sejak itu sang pinguin diberi nama Tux oleh Linus. Banyak yang mengira bahwa Tux merupakan singkatan dari Tuxedo, namun beberapa orang menyebutkan bahwa Tux kependekan dari (T)orvalds (U)ni(X).

3. Ubuntu
Warna merah, jingga dan kuning yang membentuk lingkaran pada logo Ubuntu memang terlihat cukup sederhana namun unik. Padahal logo tersebut merupakan perpaduan tiga orang yang saling berpegangan tangan dan sedang membentuk lingkaran. Hal ini dimaksudkan bahwa Ubuntu menegaskan kebersamaan, solidaritas dan kebersamaan antar umat manusia. Sedangkan tiga warna tersebut mewakili lambang dari berbagai ras yang ada. Hal ini sesuai dengan arti dari Ubuntu yaitu kebersamaan, dimana diambil dari bahasa Afrika.

4. Google Chrome OS
Logo dengan nama Chrome Ball ini memiliki makna seperti sebuah bola mata yang melambangkan pandangan mengenai wawasan dan pengetahuan. Tidak bisa dipungkiri logo tersebut memiliki tema yang mirip dengan logo Windows dimana memiliki 4 pilihan warna dasar. Selain itu juga diilhami dari beberapa hal yang akhirnya dipadukan menjadi sebuah maskot. Logo tersebut berbentuk bulat yang diilhami dari pokeball dari film Pokemon dan juga berbentuk mirip sebuah webcam, serta dari sebuah game tahun 80-an. Entah mengapa beberapa ilham tersebut dituangkan ke dalam disain logo Google Chrome OS.

5. Red Hat Linux
Distro Linux yang didistribusikan bagi segmen enterprise ini memiliki tampilan logo yang paling flamboyan. Disini terlihat seseorang menggunakan topi merah dengan pose yang cukup misterius. Jika saja ditambahkan sedang menghisap rokok maka akan makin mirip dengan tokoh detektif film holywood jaman dahulu. Sebenarnya penamaan Red Hat sendiri berdasarkan dari sebuah topi yang sering digunakan oleh penemunya yaitu Marc Ewing saat masih kuliah di universitas Carnegie Mellon. Dari situlah berawal ide menjadikannya sebagai logo Red Hat. Apalagi logo tersebut sesuai dengan keinginan Marc Ewing yang ingin memberi kesan bahwa Red Hat adalah distro yang penuh misteri dimana membuatnya makin menarik untuk digunakan.

6. MacOS X
Sistem operasi desktop buatan Apple ini menggunakan logo X yang diambil dari angka Romawi dalam menunjukkan angka 10, sesuai dengan versi 10 yang dirilis sejak tahun 2001. Tampilan logo X yang seperti menggunakan bahan baja menggambarkan ketangguhan dan dominasi namun minimalis. Paket teranyarnya yaitu Leopard versi 10.5 mengambil latar belakang bernuansa luar angka dari sebuah film Holywood karya Stanley Kubrick, 2001: A Sapce Odyssey. Pengambilan latar tersebut berdasarkan film yang bertemakan tentang evolusi manusia, teknologi, kecerdasan buatan dan kehidupan angkasa.

7. OpenSUSE
Sistem operasi berbasis Linux buatan Novell ini menggunakan seekor bunglon berwarna hijau sebagai logonya. Bunglon dengan nama Geeko digunakan sebagai maskot sejak awal keberadaan OS ini yang didesain oleh beberapa peserta pada kompetisi membuat desain logo OpenSUSE. Geeko merupakan plesetan dari geek. Pengertian geek disini maksudkan bukan sebagai kutu buku, tapi digambarkan sebagai seorang yang peduli dengan teknologi open-source. Nama Geeko juga merupakan plesetan dari Gecko, seekor kadal kecil yang biasa hidup di iklim hangat.

ternyata Update iOS 5.0.1 masih bermasalah

Bagi Anda yang telah melakukan update iOS 5.0.1 jangan merasa lega dahulu, ternyata update yang diharapkan dapat memberikan solusi belum juga menemukan titik terang. Yang paling menonjol yaitu masih masalah seputar baterai.
Dilaporkan bahwa beberapa pengguna memang ada yang merasa update tersebut berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan daya tahan baterai, namun ternyata yang mengeluhkannya pun tidak sedikit. Bahkan beberapa pengguna melaporkan bahwa tidak terdapat perubahan yang berarti setelah melakukan update tersebut. Malah beberapa komen mengeluhkan penggunaan baterai yang menjadi lebih boros dari sebelumnya.
Dan yang lebih membuat pihak Apple makin pusing, ternyata update tersebut juga menimbulkan permasalahan baru. Beberapa pengguna melalui posting di situs Apple mengeluhkan, setelah melakukan update iOS 5.0.1, terjadi penurunan kualitas dari beberapa fungsi yang ada seperti permasalahan pada mikrofon, sinyak WiFi yang sering hilang serta penerimaan jaringan selular yang jelek. "Update  iOS 5.0.1 ternyata memang masih menimbulkan permasalahan seputar baterai terhadap piranti berbasis iOS 5. Kami akan terus melanjutkan investigasi untuk mengatasi beberapa masalah lain yang ditemukan", kata juru bicara Apple.
Seperti diketahui, beberapa hari lalu Apple merilis update iOS 5.0.1. Untuk mengatasi beberapa masalah, salah satunya seputar borosnya baterai tadi. Entah hanya kebetulan atau memang sedang naas, sepertinya semenjak meninggalnya Steve Jobs, Apple sedang mengalami masa-masa sulit dan sepertinya masih akan terus berlanjut.